Use of TCP/IP Protocols for Algorithm Control in Real-Time Digital Audio Signal Processing

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá návrhem protokolu pro řízení číslicového zpracování signálů pomocí komunikačních sítí TCP/IP. Využití tohoto protokolu v embedded jednotkách pro zpracování zvukového signálu umožní dálkové řízeného číslicového zpracování zvukových signálů v reálném čase. Knihovna, o které pojednává tato práce, umožňuje kvalitní a bezchybný přenos dat a tedy spolehlivé řízení zpracování zvukových signálů na velké vzdálenosti po lokální síti či internetu. Je však koncipovaná pro přenos libovolného typu dat a tak může nalézt i jiné uplatnění.This thesis deals with design of protocol for control of digital audio signal processing over TCP/IP networks. The application of this protocol in embedded audio processing units allows to remote control of real-time processing of digital audio signals. The library, this thesis disserts on, allows for superior and faultless transfer of data and accordingly reliable control of audio signal processing at long distances via the local network or Internet. This library is designed to transfer any type of data and can be applied in any sphere.

Der Rahmen der Rechtsgewohnheiten

"The Frame of Legal Customs" ("Der Rahmen der Rechtsgewohnheiten") attempts to interchange results from two scientific disciplines, legal theory and legal history for the middle ages. The first part describes the present and in the sphere of legal theory not unypical view of law as a system of norms as introduced by theorists like Hans Kelsen ore H.L.A. Hart. Main target of criticism is the concept of law as provided by legal positivism, pointing out the problems of the logic of norms and the speech-act-theoretical background of this concept. The second part shows the inadequacy of the modern concept of law – which faces law as system of norms – for the situation of the early middle ages, when law was practiced in judicial assemblies in a strict oral manner without the common use of written texts. Results of German legal history which assume a more differentiated structure of legal thinking (based on incompatible categories of law: "recht", "Gebot", "Willkür") instead of one comprehensive notion of law, are discussed. The third part is dedicated to the close examination of the concept of law of three of the most important legal historians in Germany (Karl Kroeschell, Gerhard Dilcher, Jürgen Weitzel). The fourth and last part offers an alternative approach to the problem, how legal thinking and legal practice can be understood in premodern societies. It starts at the fundamental criticism of legal positivism, which can be found in the work of Ronald Dworkin ("law as integrity") and earlier at Carl Schmitts concept of concrete order ("Konkretes Ordnungsdenken"). The correlation between the role of legal rules, decisions and orders is discussed within the proposed theoretical frame. Finally the notion of order-configurations ("Ordnungskonfigurationen"), which has been brought into discussion by Stefan Weinfurter, is compared to the concept of law as a form of concrete order as developed in the text. A text of Adalbero of Laon and the letters of pope Gregory VII are interpreted as an illustrating example (and implicit criticism on Weinfurter's specific use of sociological functionalism) using the proposed alternative categoriesDer "Rahmen der Rechtsgewohnheiten" ist eine Auseinandersetzung mit der gegenwärtigen Entwicklung des Rechtsbegriffs der Rechtsgeschichte des Mittelalters. Konkret wird dabei versucht, rechtstheoretische Einsichten für diesen Begriff fruchtbar zu machen und zu einem, von rechtshistorischer Seite geforderten Brückenschlag zwischen den Diziplinen beizutragen. Der I. Abschnitt (aus rechtstheoretischer Perspektive für den Rechtshistoriker verfaßt) soll insoferne zeigen, mit welchen Konsequenzen zu rechnen ist, wenn Recht als Normensystem konzipiert wird. Gegenstad ist also der Rechtsbgriff des Positivismus, wie er typisch von Hans Kelsen oder H.L.A. Hart konzipiert wurde. Der Abschnitt vereint eine historische Herleitung mit einer systematischen Kritik der normenlogischen wie sprechakttheoretischen Grundlagen. Im II. Abschnitt (umgekehrt aus rechtgeschichtlicher Perspektive für den Rechtstheoretiker formuliert) wird gezeigt, was passiert, wenn ein derartig konzipierter positivistischer Rechtsbegriff auf (früh)mittelalterliche Verhältnisse angewandt wird. Damit soll einerseits die Unzulänglichkeit des Normsystembegriffs für das Mittelalter plausibel gemacht und andererseits eine Strukturaufklärung des mittelalterlichen Rechts vorangetrieben werden, mit dem Ergebnis, daß auch aus rechttheoretischer Sicht an die Stelle eines einheitlichen, alle Phänomene umgreifenden Rechtsbegriffs eine begriffliche Vielfalt an Rechtsbegriffen treten muß, wie sie z.B. in der Lehre Ebels mit ihrer Differenzierung in "recht", "Gebot" und "Willkür" vorgeschlagen wurde. Der III. Abschnitt ist der eingehenden Analyse der Rechtsbegriffe von drei der bedeutendsten deutschsprachigen Rechtshistoriker gewidmet (Kroeschell, Dilcher, Weitzel); Leitfaden ist der Begriff der "Rechtsgewohnheiten". Der Begriff wird einerseits als wichtiger Ansatz zur Überwindung des Normystem-Paradigmas gewürdigt, zugleich aber dahingehend kritisiert, daß seine Formulierung und theoretische Konkretisierung immer noch in wesentlichen Momenten dem unangemessenen Normsystemdenken verhaftet bleibt. Im IV. und letzten Abschnitt wird anknüpfend an die rechtsphilosophische Fundamentalkritik am Rechtspositivismus von Ronald Dworkin (prozedurale Rechtstheorie) und von Carl Schmitt (Konkretes Ordnungsdenken) der Versuch unternommen, einen alternativen den oralen bzw. semioralen Verhältnissen des Mittelalters angemesseneren Rechtsbegriff zu entwicklen oder zumindest eine Rahmentheorie zu bieten, innerhalb welcher ein solcher entwickelt werden könnte. Die Relation von Regel, Entscheidung und Ordnung im Rahmen einer solchen Theorie wird untersucht und die Epochenschwelle des späten 11. bzw. 12. Jahrhunderts vor diesem Hintergrund betrachtet. Abschließend wird das Verhältnis von "Recht als konkreter Ordnung" mit dem von Stefan Weinfurter in die Geschichtswissenschaft eingeführten Begriff der "Ordnungskonfigurationen" untersucht und dabei (an Hand einer Auslegung von Adalbero von Laon und der Briefe Papst Gregors VII.) insbesondere Weinfurters Position des "Funktionalismus" einer Kritik unterzogen

Macrophage Polarization is Deregulated in Haemophilia

Macrophages make important contributions to inflammation and wound healing. We show here that macrophage polarization is deregulated in haemophilia in response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and partially in response to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). As a result, haemophilia macrophages exhibit a specific impairment of M-CSF-mediated functions involved in wound healing such as clot invasion and phagocytosis. Haemophilia monocytes express reduced amounts of the receptors for M-CSF and GM-CSF, which correlates with a failure to express tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and CD163 in M-CSF-treated haemophilia macrophages and reduced expression of TNFα and CD206 after treatment with GM-CSF. Protein expression in response to M-CSF was regained with respect to CD163 and CD206 after embedding haemophilia monocytes in clotted plasma suggesting that a functioning coagulation system has positive effects on macrophage M2 polarization. Mimicking the functional deficits of haemophilia macrophages in normal macrophages was possible by adding leptin, which we found to be elevated in the blood of haemophilia patients, to a monocyte cell line. The increase of leptin occurred in conjunction with C-reactive protein in a body mass index-controlled cohort suggesting that haemophilia patients harbour chronic low-grade inflammation. Together, our data indicate that impaired clotting in haemophilia patients leads to increased inflammation and a deregulation in macrophage differentiation, which may explain the commonly observed deficits in wound healing and tissue regeneration

The maximal D=7 supergravities

The general seven-dimensional maximal supergravity is presented. Its universal Lagrangian is described in terms of an embedding tensor which can be characterized group-theoretically. The theory generically combines vector, two-form and three-form tensor fields that transform into each other under an intricate set of nonabelian gauge transformations. The embedding tensor encodes the proper distribution of the degrees of freedom among these fields. In addition to the kinetic terms the vector and tensor fields contribute to the Lagrangian with a unique gauge invariant Chern-Simons term. This new formulation encompasses all possible gaugings. Examples include the sphere reductions of M theory and of the type IIA/IIB theories with gauge groups SO(5), CSO(4,1), and SO(4), respectively.Comment: 42 page

Probability of loss of assured safety in systems with multiple time-dependent failure modes.

Weak link (WL)/strong link (SL) systems are important parts of the overall operational design of high-consequence systems. In such designs, the SL system is very robust and is intended to permit operation of the entire system under, and only under, intended conditions. In contrast, the WL system is intended to fail in a predictable and irreversible manner under accident conditions and render the entire system inoperable before an accidental operation of the SL system. The likelihood that the WL system will fail to deactivate the entire system before the SL system fails (i.e., degrades into a configuration that could allow an accidental operation of the entire system) is referred to as probability of loss of assured safety (PLOAS). Representations for PLOAS for situations in which both link physical properties and link failure properties are time-dependent are derived and numerically evaluated for a variety of WL/SL configurations, including PLOAS defined by (i) failure of all SLs before failure of any WL, (ii) failure of any SL before failure of any WL, (iii) failure of all SLs before failure of all WLs, and (iv) failure of any SL before failure of all WLs. The effects of aleatory uncertainty and epistemic uncertainty in the definition and numerical evaluation of PLOAS are considered

The relation between European heat waves and North Atlantic SSTs: a two-sided composite study

The occurrence of extreme weather events has increased during the two last decades. European heat waves are responsible for social, economic and environmental damage and are projected to increase in magnitude, frequency and duration under global warming, heightening the interest about the contribution of different drivers. By using the ERA5 Re-analysis product, we performed a two-sided composite analysis to investigate a potential relation between North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and the near-surface air temperature (T2m) over the European continent. Here, we show that in the presence of cold North Atlantic SSTs during summer, the distribution of European T2m shifts towards positive anomalies a few days later, increasing the likelihood for heat waves. During these events a predominant wave number three pattern in addition to regionally confined Rossby wave activity contribute to a trough-ridge pattern in the North Atlantic-European sector. Specifically, five of 17 European heat waves within the period of 1979 to 2019 could be related to a cold North Atlantic SST event a few days in advance. In the upstream analysis we identify eleven of 17 European heat waves co-existent with cold North Atlantic SSTs. In order to confirm the crucial role of North Atlantic SSTs for European heat waves, we analysed output from a coupled climate model, HadGEM3, with three different horizontal resolutions. The high-resolution run revealed the closest resemblance to the ERA5 data, suggesting that mechanisms on the mesoscales (<50 km) play a role in the relationship between North Atlantic SSTs and European T2m. Results also highlight the importance of using a climate model with a high horizontal resolution for the purpose of studying the variability of European heat waves. Based upon our results, conducted with ERA5 Re-analysis and HadGEM3 data, North Atlantic SSTs provide potential predictive skill of European heat waves

Understanding disruptive technology transitions in the global logistics industry: the role of ecosystems

Purpose: Disruptive technologies in the global logistics industry are often regarded as a threat to the existing business models of incumbents’ companies. Existing research, however, focuses mainly on whether technologies have disruptive potential, thereby neglecting when such disruptive transitions occur. To understand the timing of potential disruptive technological change, this paper aims to investigate the elements of the underlying ecosystem shaping these transitions. Design/methodology/approach: Building on the established ecosystem framework from Adner and Kapoor (2016a), this paper constructs four categories of technology substitution to assess how quickly disruptive change may occur in the global logistics industry and defines key technology substitution determinants in logistics to emphasize the role of ecosystems for further consideration into disruptive innovation theory. Findings: Based on the key determinants, this paper proposes first definitions of distinctive ecosystems elements linked to the three types of innovations, namely, sustaining innovations, low-end disruptions and new-market disruptions, thereby integrating ecosystems into Christensen’s (1997) disruptive innovation theory. Originality/value: By developing a framework that conceptualizes the pace of technology substitution, this paper contributes to a more nuanced understanding of how logistics managers and academics can better predict disruptive transitions and develop strategies to allocate resources

Posttranslational modifications of GLUT4 affect its subcellular localization and translocation

The facilitative glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) is expressed in adipose and muscle and plays a vital role in whole body glucose homeostasis. In the absence of insulin, only ~1% of cellular GLUT4 is present at the plasma membrane, with the vast majority localizing to intracellular organelles. GLUT4 is retained intracellularly by continuous trafficking through two inter-related cycles. GLUT4 passes through recycling endosomes, the trans Golgi network and an insulin-sensitive intracellular compartment, termed GLUT4-storage vesicles or GSVs. It is from GSVs that GLUT4 is mobilized to the cell surface in response to insulin, where it increases the rate of glucose uptake into the cell. As with many physiological responses to external stimuli, this regulated trafficking event involves multiple posttranslational modifications. This review outlines the roles of posttranslational modifications of GLUT4 on its function and insulin-regulated trafficking

The decay constant of the holographic techni-dilaton and the 125 GeV boson

We critically discuss the possibility that the 125 GeV boson recently discovered at the LHC is the holographic techni-dilaton, a composite state emerging from a strongly-coupled model of electroweak symmetry breaking. This composite state differs from the SM for three main reasons. Its decay constant is in general larger than the electroweak scale, hence suppressing all the couplings to standard model particles with respect to an elementary Higgs boson, with the exception of the coupling to photons and gluons, which is expected to be larger than the standard-model equivalent. We discuss three classes of questions. Is it possible to lower the decay constant, by changing the geometry of the holographic model? Is it possible to lower the overall scale of the strong dynamics, by modifying the way in which electroweak symmetry breaking is implemented in the holographic model? Is there a clear indication in the data that production mechanisms other than gluon-gluon fusion have been observed, disfavoring models in which the holographic techni-dilaton has a large decay constant? We show that all of these questions are still open, given the present status of theoretical as well as phenomenological studies, and that at present the techni-dilaton hypothesis yields a fit to the data which is either as good as the elementary Higgs hypothesis, or marginally better, depending on what sets of data are used in the fit. We identify clear strategies for future work aimed at addressing these three classes of open questions. In the process, we also compute the complete scalar spectrum of the two-scalar truncation describing the GPPZ model, as well as the decay constant of the holographic techni-dilaton in this model.Comment: 23 pages, 7 figures. Two paragraphs of general comments added. Several references added. Version accepted for publicatio

Toward a more rigorous application of margins and uncertainties within the nuclear weapons life cycle : a Sandia perspective.

This paper presents the conceptual framework that is being used to define quantification of margins and uncertainties (QMU) for application in the nuclear weapons (NW) work conducted at Sandia National Laboratories. The conceptual framework addresses the margins and uncertainties throughout the NW life cycle and includes the definition of terms related to QMU and to figures of merit. Potential applications of QMU consist of analyses based on physical data and on modeling and simulation. Appendix A provides general guidelines for addressing cases in which significant and relevant physical data are available for QMU analysis. Appendix B gives the specific guidance that was used to conduct QMU analyses in cycle 12 of the annual assessment process. Appendix C offers general guidelines for addressing cases in which appropriate models are available for use in QMU analysis. Appendix D contains an example that highlights the consequences of different treatments of uncertainty in model-based QMU analyses